On Being Brought from Africa to America: Issue of Race Essay

Wheatlyâ's sonnet â€Å"On being brought from Africa to America† comprises of two focal messages. First Wheatlyâ's appreciation for her Christian salvation that â€Å"mercy† exemplified as the subjugation brought her not exclusively to America, in any case, â€Å"thaught [her] ignorant soul to understand.† Second there is an unobtrusive message, a sensitive progressive idea, managing the issue of race. â€Å"Remember, Christians, Negros, dark as Cain† portrays the significance to recall that the individuals who do directly as indicated by Christian conviction and are changed over and spared like Wheatly will be compensated in paradise paying little heed to their skin shading. Her inconspicuous accentuation on religion turns into a passage for her announcement against bigotry that each other slave ought to be equivalent on earth too. The decent variety of tone as from the outset there is appreciation tuned with seeing, yet at long last legitimate lingual authority and sound makes a progressively gentle, calming than forceful tone and guarantee on bigotry. The Ballot or the Bullet† discourse by Malcolm X concerns the junction, an enlightening assurance, that Afro Americans need to experience, picking between confiding in American vote based system and equity to in the end gain balance â€Å"the ballot† or assuming control over issues turning out to be considerably more aggressor â€Å"the bullet†. Indeed Afro Americans either need to push more earnestly for their privileges to be recognized by society or there is a need of a physical battle against the framework to defeat the â€Å"American nightmare†. With persistence and confidence, in 1964 Afro Americans despite everything experienced isolation. Malcolmâ's strict foundation, his forceful exchange, differentiating juxtaposition and incitement like â€Å"[†¦] if the white man doesn't need us to be hostile to white, let him quit abusing and misusing and corrupting us† or â€Å"our moms and fathers contributed sweat and blood† makes a too forceful tone, aggressor and radical,. DuBois first section in â€Å"Souls of Black Folk†, carries attention to the way that there is a â€Å"problem of the twentieth century, [and it], is the issue of the shading line.†. Afro Americans appear to be spooky by a twofold picture and therefore, see themselves through the eyes of others, particularly white America â€Å"longing to achieve reluctant masculinity, to combine [the] twofold self into a superior and more genuine self.† Du Bois inside clash â€Å"double consciousness† proposes to Afro Americans to just endeavor to become â€Å"[†¦] both a Negro and an American, without being reviled and spit upon by his fellows†. The part additionally addresses subjects, for example, the remarkable quality of political force, the requirement for social liberties, inborn dependability of the Negro, perfect instruction, unfulfilled guarantee to the Negro, and a future bi-racial America. This substance is introduced inside a mitigating tone, planned as exchange. DuBois â€Å"Souls of Black Folk† is the most grounded content concerning the issues of race with respect to his easing tone serves best for arrangement in both radical - unrivaled and substandard sides of isolation. Truth be told by picking an exchanging, unpretentious and inviting tone, the forcefulness by one way or another is slipped into acknowledgment, and the activist, radical enemy of bigot experiences a mirror indicating his very own condition inside isolation. DuBois not just targets only at the silencer â€Å"that happens to be the a white man† like Malcolm X, he rather focuses on the inside clash inside each abused Afro American. However illumination and inward parity, fills in as introductory advance to beat the issues of race so as to accomplish extreme evening out. Absence of strict fundamentalism, militancy and just inconspicuous and peaceful incitement makes a group of musings liberated from limits. DuBois change of his composing style from a somewhat story tone in Philadelphia Negro(1899) with respect to his masculine white crowd towards a supporting tone in The Souls of Black Folk (1903), his social liberties activism, campaign on isolation, political disfranchisement and proposed improvement of Afro American life reinforce his contentions. Among progressive musings, forceful radicalism and scorn, DuBois set of tone and contentions is the best orchestrating path inside a time of mob and outrage against isolation and racial treachery. http://www.occidentaldissent.com/american-racial-history-course of events 2/american-racial-history-timetable 1900-1960/

Triple Steel Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Triple Steel Corporation - Essay Example As the conversation features in the underlying appraisal of the organization, the present resources of the organization have declined as the complete worth of the organization has likewise crumbled contrasting from the most recent year results. Since the income of the organization has diminished by 2.37 Million when contrasted with a year ago, the benefits of the organization have likewise diminished however not in a similar extent. The money and money reciprocals have diminished by 1% while the exchange receivables have decreased by practically 60% which doesn't compare with the misfortune decrease in the income for the present year which was just 11%. The irregularity between the two relating figures requires some extra worry over income and receivables. This paper traces that  the stock of Triple Steel has not diminished by a similar extent as the end supply of the organization remained at 3.55 Million which was somewhere around 14% while the expense of merchandise sold was up by 1%. It has additionally been distinguished that the organization has utilized two unique strategies for valuation of stock at the year end as the strategy for valuation of stock must stay steady consistently. What's more, the IAS doesn’t permit the utilization of Last-in-first-out technique for valuation of stock. The prepaid assessment and protection figures considered a to be by 23.53% as the income has additionally declined for the organization and the organization likewise acquired lost 49,000 this year contrasted with the benefit of 1.795 Million a year ago. The property, plant and hardware of the organization have expanded by 3.7% which incorporates the acquisition of land, building, gear and apparatus during the year. This has likewise offered ascend to the deterioration cost of the year which was almost 8.8%. This might be a result of the deterioration technique utilized by the organization, for example, the lessening balance. The present liabilities of the organization have expanded by 16.15% which remember significant increment for the measure of records payable which has expanded by almost 14%.

Write the Perfect Cover Letter Every Time

Write the Perfect Cover Letter Every Time Every day most of us write letters, and many of these letters are cover letters. A cover letter is a special type of correspondence. It accompanies another piece of correspondence that many times actually competes with the effect and content of the letter. That other correspondence is an enclosure or what is more commonly called today an attachment. It can also be a package.Cover letters can accompany various kinds of documents: A resume or CV, a school application, a legal document, a manuscript, or an item were returning to a store, Many writers think a cover letter is nothing more than a form letter, a template that simply announces the attached package or document(s). The enclosure or attachment is really whats important. To paraphrase Joe Friday from the old television series, Dragnet, a lot of people think a cover letter should only address the facts and nothing else. Just the facts, please. Nothing but the facts, this policeman would say every Friday night.A perfect cover lett er, however, is a lot more than a template or a form letter. Its an opportunity. It is not a document that should just end up in File 13. A perfect cover letter communicates who you are and what you want or need. A perfect cover letter can ask for a response, make an argument, or deliver a great final positive impression. It asks the reader to make a decision. That decision can be to pick up the phone and call you for an interview, forward your college application to the Admissions Committee as highly recommended, solve a service problem or write a refund check, answer a question and get you to the right person, or acknowledge that a legal document has finally been correctly handled.For all of these reasons, a cover letter is a special piece of writing and one that is far too often overlooked, simply dashed off, signed, and stuck in an envelope or clicked through the Internet via your e-mail account. You dont think of the impression you are making or the extra advantages a cover let ter can provide you. When you need to write a cover letter, and we all write them, what techniques do you need to remember and apply? How do you write the perfect cover letter?First of all, the perfect letter is brief, i.e., short. It shouldnt be more than one page and preferably a short single page, if possible. What does one page mean? It means 3 to 4 paragraphs. Short also means precise as well as concise. Each one of these 3-4 paragraphs has a special task. The tasks can vary a bit based on the topic, and the paragraphs can be exchanged one for the other Sometimes (very rarely), you can add another paragraph and once in a blue moon, maybe even one more for a very complex situation, such as the job of the decade for which you have tons of background and experience. But, do your utmost if you can to keep the words in your letter to one page. Why? Because this correspondence is still only a cover letter. It accompanies another document or series of documents that are the prime reas on for your correspondence in the first placeA good cover letter is subtle and respectful, but it still makes its points strongly and clearly. It stays in the background but is remembered. It doesnt run on and is never rude or hostile, or cute. It can argue but does so judiciously and with verbal discipline, and unless absolutely needed, the letter always communicates gracefully and politely and expects a positive outcome.A good cover letter also provides information â€" additional information that explains why you sent the attached document and what you want done with that document or for you because of it. There is a pattern of communication you can use to get this letter written quickly and successfully. There are specific tips to remember for each of the paragraphs in your cover letter.Paragraph One: This paragraph states the reasons why youre sending the letter, i.e., what is attached and why. Be specific about the nature of the attachment, i.e., a resume and summary of publica tions or a patients advocate form with a will. You should introduce yourself, state what is attached and why. For instance, if you are replying to a specific job position, you give the details of how you found the opening and the nature of the position. If you are forwarding a college application, you state that fact and indicate whether it is a packet of essays or just a formal application. If you are returning an item, you indicate what it is and when you bought it, and why it doesnt work for you. If you are forwarding a document, you state the title and why you are sending it. You then lead into Paragraph Two with a final sentence that previews your explanation of the problem, the reason why you need a refund, when you expect to start school, or why the position youve referenced is the one you really want to have.Paragraph Two: This paragraph is where you provide the details and elaborate on the basics you provided in Paragraph One. Here you can summarize the issue, explain the p roblem, describe the history of the document, or summarize your background to support the interest you expressed in the position youre applying for in Paragraph One. Try to be brief, but also include as many precise details as possible. That is a challenge. As space allows, argue well for the circumstance that led to your contacting the addressee in the first place. This can be the longest of the four paragraphs because here is where you describe the situation or indicate your qualifications or give your reasons. This paragraph is also the one that, if necessary, you can expand to two paragraphs or at the very outside limits, three. If you do, shorten the other paragraphs. Remember that you only want one page!Paragraph Three: This paragraph is where you make your argument for what you want done, i.e., get a phone call for a job interview, get admission into the ideal program or school for your education or career, get a document recorded properly, or have a consumer complaint addres sed, i.e., a refund given or a warranty honored. This paragraph is where you can be a bit forceful, when needed, and indicate when you expect the task to be completed. I would not be forceful if the cover letter is accompanying an application. If that is the case, present your best reasons for getting the positive answer you want and stop and hope for that response.Paragraph Four: This paragraph is a summing up paragraph. Here you reiterate what you want done, when you need it done, and why. Here is the place where you are firm, but very courteous if you are trying to get a problem resolved. Here is the place where you are gracious and express kind words about a company or a school if you want a job or admission. Here is also the paragraph where you state your contact information, i.e., e-mail address and phone numbers, and express your absolute confidence that you will receive a positive response or action soon. You can also offer a final hope that your application will be positive ly received, if that is the reason for the cover letter. State at the very end also that if there are any questions or concerns, the recipient, of course, can contact you, and you will respond immediately.So there it is â€" a formula for writing a cover letter that will cover most of the circumstances you are likely to see when you are sending documents. A perfect cover letter is short, covers all the details of what is being sent and why, paraphrases the nature of the attachment(s) briefly, makes a laid-back sales pitch or delivers a courteous argument, leaves a final positive impression, and encourages an early positive response. If you keep these tips in mind and adjust them as needed for your own cover letters, youll find that your letters will do that extra bit of communication for you. Its that communication you may just need to get a task done, a problem resolved, or an offer for a great job.

Diversity Within The Fresno Pacific University - 2550 Words

Introduction Fresno Pacific University has undertaken the daunting task to develop a cohesive strategy in creating diversity within the Fresno Pacific University System. While the above is good, what about diversity within the university’s board of trustees, board members, administrative team, and professors? Has the university encouraged members of the minority race groups, ideology and religious beliefs to apply and have the same employment opportunities as people of the same race and religion equal to the opportunities of the majority demographic group of university employees? Diversity is desirable yet the sustainable and successful obtainment is difficult and problematic. The university further states, â€Å"Fresno Pacific†¦show more content†¦Data serves as a tangible evidence source of a lack of diversity. â€Å"In a community that is 59% Hispanic, the U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (2015), report reveals over 82% of the facult y and staff at FPU are white. The gap in the number of diverse faculty, inadequate faculty engagement, and a disjointed approach to diversity across the school are all contributing factors to the current issue of diversity† (Cochran, 2015). Although it appears Fresno Pacific University wants a diverse organization, but, as now formed, they fall short of measurable diversity. One author states that diversity equals representation, its being invited to the party. It is imperative that inclusion is also discussed when talking about diversity. Once you get invited to the party everyone would like to be asked to dance. Opening a discussion of diversity without having members of the disenfranchised demographic group seems less than thorough or effective. Academic Journal Review FACULTY DIVERSITY AND TENURE IN HIGHER EDUCATION. Abdul-Raheem J Synopsis: Journal One The realm of Higher Education is experiencing the same uncomfortable push occurring in other areas of modern society; the need for diversity. As it related to student population, the work of developing and nurturing diversity is experiencing marketed success, yet the trouble stems fromShow MoreRelatedFresno County Of Fresno City1535 Words   |  7 PagesFresno County is one of the most populated and diverse counties in California having more than seventy ethnic groups in the metropolitan area. It is ranked first nation for agricultural production with annual sales of $3 billion. Within the county there are fifteen incorporated cities, Fresno being one of them. Fresno was founded by Central Pacific Railroad Company in 1872. Today, Fresno has an estimated population of 522,053 (QuickFacts Fresno City, California) about 49.6 percent is white, 46.9Read MoreDescription And Objective Of Friendship Baptist Church1507 Words   |  7 Pagesreligious direction in services and missional objectives within the target community. Friendship’s former leader and the style utilized in leadership was effective for a dispensation of time, but was not conducive to lasting and repeatable gains or development. The leader became the sole voice of direction, vision and mission. The leader, furthermore, was typically seen as above questioning. This led to disconnection and dissention within the organization and a departure of members as well. The followingRead MoreCultural Uniqueness Within the Agricultural Community3478 Words   |  14 PagesRunning Head: CULTURAL UNIQUENESS OF THE AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITY. Identifying and exploring cultural uniqueness within the agricultural community of the Central Valley, California. Jennifer D. Andrew Fresno Pacific Biblical Seminary Abstract The central valley of California stretches as far north as Sacramento and south all the way to Bakersfield- from Shasta County to Kern County. It is some 450 miles long and typically 40 to 60 miles wide. It encompasses 18 counties with a total of over fiveRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by Michael Adas for the American Historical Association TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS PHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas forRead MoreThe Walt Disney Company Report15335 Words   |  62 PagesCompany Research Paper The Walt Disney Company Pranay Kumar George Batah Shuxian Shen Sheng Hao Koo â€Å"We have complied with university honor code in completion of this assignment and I attest that this work is ours and ours alone.† Professor Suzanne Weiss Contents 1. Executive Summary 2. Company Background 3. Management 4. Situation Analysis 5. Ethics and Responsibility 6. Human Resource 7. Globalization 8. Operation and Production Read More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesIntroduction to Statistics and Data Analysis This page intentionally left blank Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis Third Edition Roxy Peck California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Chris Olsen George Washington High School, Cedar Rapids, IA Jay Devore California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Australia †¢ Brazil †¢ Canada †¢ Mexico †¢ Singapore †¢ Spain †¢ United Kingdom †¢ United States Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis, Third Edition Roxy

Bp Oil Spill Analysis Essay - 6383 Words

I. INTRODUCTION 1. Scope of Research The spectrums of oil spill issues are diverse and large. They range from environmental issue to economic, ecological, ethical, politics and policies. Among many other oil spills, the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, occurred on April 20, 2010 was recorded as the greatest environmental disaster in our history (BP leak the worlds worst accidental oil spill, 2010). The goal of our research is to seek possible solutions to reduce the risks of offshore oil spills. To attain this goal, we gathered information from over twenty sources, including â€Å"Deepwater Horizon oil† from Wikipedia research and an article from the LA Times. Our research focused mainly on four aspects of the BP oil spill,†¦show more content†¦In 1999, BP was fined $1.7 million for burning polluted gases at its Ohio refinery. In the following year, the company was charged $10 million by the EPA for the air pollution from its U.S. refineries (Beder, 2002). BP has also been accused of violating human rights. In 2005, one of BP’s refineries in Texas exploded, caused 15 deaths and 180 injuries. The explosion was largely a result of safety cuts to reduce costs (Baker et al., 2007). From 2006 to 2008, three workers were killed at BP’s Texas refinery due to equipment failure (Collette, 2008). II. PROBLEM ANALYSIS 1. Environmental Problems Environmental Impact On April 20, 2010, one of BP’s drilling wells below the Gulf of Mexico exploded and caused a disastrous oil spill. Thousands of barrels of crude oil flowed into the gulf every day, causing widespread pollution in the Gulf of Mexico (Law Brain, n.d). The habitats of many bird species are threatened by this oil spill. The American Bird Conservancy (ABC) listed the top ten most polluted areas from the oil spill: 1. Gulf Coast Least Tern Colony, 2. Lower Pascagoula River, 3. Gulf Islands National Seashore, 4. Breton National Wildlife Refuge, 5. Dauphin Island, 6. Fort Morgan Historical Park, 7. Bon Secour National Wildlife Refuge, 8. Eglin Air Force Base, 9. Delta National Wildlife Refuge, and 10. BaptisteShow MoreRelatedA Neo Aristotelian Analysis Of President Obama s Oval Office Address On Bp Oil Spill Energy 1613 Words   |  7 PagesEleanor A. Lockhart Rhetorical Criticism 2 October 2015 A Neo-Aristotelian Analysis of President Obama’s: Oval Office Address on BP Oil Spill Energy On June 15, 2010, President Barack Obama formally addresses the Deepwater Horizon oil spill to inform people of his plans to contain the oil spill and the nation s need for clean energy. The purpose of this paper is to analyze President Obama’s speech on the BP oil spill using Foss’ neo-Aristotelian method of rhetorical criticism, by which I willRead MoreBritish Petroleum and Its Corporate Strategy1595 Words   |  7 PagesBritish Petroleum and its Corporate Strategy Introduction The organisation environment is always changing and therefore it is essential that a structured, detailed and continuous analysis of the principal dimensions of the environment is made. In order to profitably satisfy customer needs, an organisation must understand its external and internal situation including the customer, the market and its own capabilities. Furthermore, it needs to understand and adapt to the dynamic and uncontrollableRead MoreBp Oil Spill1094 Words   |  5 Pagescompetitive) segments do you think BP considered or didn’t consider prior to their drilling of the Gulf Coast? What should the wedding business owners now consider in their external environment? BP decided to drill in the Gulf Coast mostly because of the oil availability and competition. Opportunity was definitely considered by BP. The North Sea was saturated with other oil companies and BP saw an opportunity in the Gulf of Mexico (Pour, 2011). The segment that BP did not do well is the environmentalRead MoreArgumentative Essay : Bp Oil Spill1558 Words   |  7 PagesArgumentative Essay: The BP Oil Spill Phillip Staton PHI 445 Personal Organizational Ethics Prof. Gloria Zuniga y Postigo February 29, 2016 Argumentative Essay: The BP Oil Spill Introduction In 2010, BP’s Deepwater Horizon rig exploded, causing millions of barrels of crude oil to be leaked out into the Gulf of Mexico. The extensive oil spill created a lot of pollution and far-reaching effects on the tourism industry. The resultant damage to marine wildlife such as fish will continue to be feltRead MoreThe Hurricane Katrina Disaster And The Bp Oil Spill Tragedy941 Words   |  4 Pagesethical behavior in high-profile events, as well as examining various regulatory and sustainability market approaches to business environmental responsibilities. The paper focuses on two major occurrences; the Hurricane Katrina disaster and the BP oil spill tragedy. Hurricane Katrina entered into records as one of the worst disasters ever to hit the US, the storm is considered as the most disastrous and damaging in the US history in 2005. Well over 1800 peopleRead MoreBp Deepwater Horizon Case Analysis Essay1392 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Deep Horizon blowout Background: The Deepwater Horizon oil spill or the BP oil spill refers to the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico which flowed for three months in 2010. The spill was a result of the explosion of Deepwater Horizon, which drilled on the BP-operated Macondo Prospect. The explosion killed 11 men working on the platform and injured 17 others (Summarized from Wikipedia article on: â€Å"Deepwater Horizon oil spill† http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill ) InRead MoreEssay about Stakeholder Analysis on Bp689 Words   |  3 PagesAssignment # 1 Stakeholder analysis on the British Petroleum oil spill disaster Stakeholder: UK and USA Government The British Petroleum (BP) oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico flowed unabated for three months in 2010. It is the largest accidental marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry. This event affected individuals and groups, know as stakeholders, in different ways according to the impact that the catastrophe meant to their situation. The stakeholders treated in this case areRead MoreBp Plc And Civil Society1189 Words   |  5 Pages BP PLC and Civil Society BP p.l.c understands that society continues to have a high expectation from companies, specifically coming from media and political figures. 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Do Children Have False Memories Free Essays

Citing relevant research, state and explain your opinion of the reliability of the testimony of a 5 year old child who accuses an adult of serious sexual abuse. It’s very easy to look at children’s testimony from a psychologist or a researcher’s perspective, but how would we respond if we were faced with a situation where a 5 year old child is accusing an adult of serious sexual abuse? Would we be quick to dismiss the strong accusation or would we examine the possibility of this event. In this essay evidence for and against the reliability of children’s testimony is evaluated, especially considering a delicate matter such as sexual abuse. We will write a custom essay sample on Do Children Have False Memories or any similar topic only for you Order Now It will start by outlining what developmental and cognitive psychologists have discovered to date about children’s memory capacity and how it differs from that of adults; then the focus will shift to literature on sexual abuse. Memory or remembering operates like any other aspect of development studied, its development is gradual, and this goes to say that children without doubt, don’t possess the same ability to remember as adults. The digit span for memory seems to increase with age, so for example a child of 3yrs will remember about 2 words and a child of 4 will remember 3 words from a presented list of word, and these are likely to be the last words (recency effect( Meadows,1986). There are three areas of memory that seem to show improvement in children as we progress through development: basic capacity, the amount of information that can be remembered in STM, children will develop strategies that will help transfer information into LTM and finally they will also have greater world knowledge; which means a greater context allowing for the integration of new information, therefore new memories. (Meadows, 1986) There are many reasons why children show these deficits in memory. One of them is because they lack meta-cognition, basic beliefs and knowledge about memory, its dynamics, which is fundamental for understanding how information is learned. Children clearly don’t possess this meta-cognitive awareness to monitor past experiences and performance to update resource allocation strategies. (Castel, Humphreys, Lee, Balota and McCabe, 2011) This previous paragraphs were to convey the fact that children do have distinct abilities compared to adults, this tells us that their recall for witnessed events might lack in accuracy. When we ask a child to give testimony for witnessing an event we are asking them to access their autobiographical memory, which includes a sketchy version of personal memories and experiences, diluted from all unnecessary details. This type of memory is highly subject to biases in attempting to maintain continuity and it often doesn’t follow the temporal frame. Can children accurately recall events that they experience in the past accurately or do they often develop false memories of events that never took place? Some studies show that children as young as 5 can remember events quite well even after a period of delay preceding recall. Flin, Boon, Knox and Bull (1992) gave children a talk on how to keep their feet clean, while the talk was happening an assistant staged tripping over and knocking over a side carousel. Recall was taken the day after the talk and 5 months later, similar to court proceedings. There was no relation found between age and amount of information recalle d the following day, children age 6 recalled 17/ 26 items and adults recalled 18/26 items. However Flinn et al found that 5 months later 6 yr olds recall had decreased by 40 %. This study shows that children can remember quite well, however those memories are not fully stored in LTM . This event however isn’t a real life event neither is it of distressing nature like most events children are called to testify for in court cases. This could justify the high recall even for the younger children. Research by Goodman, Hirschman, Hepps and Rudy (1991); Peterson and Whalen (2001) and many more agree that children can actually remember stressful events very well and without doubt sexual abuse of any kind is a stressful enough situation which victims should remember well. Children can give accurate testimony following sexual victimisation, supported by evidence from allegations and high rate of omission errors instead of reporting unsupported events, (Birdrose Goodman, 2000) More interestingly research has shown that children can easily develop false memories, known as memories of events that never took place (Loftus, 2004). A good example was -the Mc Martin trial . In this controversial trial a school teacher was accused of ritually abusing children. The charges against the teacher were eventually dropped, as some of the children recalled very ambiguous events, such as being taken on an helicopter to a far away farm to witness a horse while it was beaten. It is believed that they were suggestively interviewed and then developed enough details to make these become real memories. (Schreiber et al, 2006). Prevalence information can strongly influence children’s recall, it seems that children start by considering whether the event is plausible, then proceed to develop thoughts and images about the events, which at that point become mistaken for real memories. In an experiment Otgaar, Candel, Merckelbach and Wade (2009) exposed children age 7-8 and age 11-12 to a description of a real past experience and also that of a false past experience. The real experience was the child’s first day at school; the false one was a description of being abducted by an UFO, prevalence was given by giving them an article about the commonality of UFO abductions. The results showed that children again remembered accurately the real event, this is consistent with (Flin et al, 1992. ; some even were convinced they had been abducted, some even reported things not present in the story; such as being transported by a beam of blue light, clearly indicating formation of a false memory. 70% of younger children remembered being abducted. We cannot totally conclude that children’s memory for bizarre events is always false; however we can say that they can easily develop false memories for implausible events, this is more noticeable in younger child This s till isn’t sufficient to answer the question of the reliability of a 5 yr old accusing an adult of abuse. Research suggests that children place an important emphasis on script like representations, basically representations of how events are connected in a stereotypical way, based on prior knowledge of everyday activities, they may use this scripts to fill in details of events even when they are not part of the story, ( Mc Shane 1991). When a child is required to provide eye-witness accounts of what happened during an episode, even when it’s not as severe as sexual abuse, they need to be able to separate that instance from that in which they are questioned, things they have maybe seen and when they had spoken about it for the first time. Lloyd, Doydum and Newcombe, 2009), psychologist fear they are unable to do this. There is a great influence of prior knowledge on free recall, cued recall, recognition memory and source memory; sometimes children may rely on gist to make conclusions. Odegard, Cooper, Lampinen, Reyna and Brainard (2009) carried out an experiment where children atte nded 4 thematic birthday parties of fictional characters and were later interviewed regarding the events that took place, some which were generic and some which were specific to the theme of the party. When interviewed using the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) protocol, older children did better than the younger ones at providing both thematic and generic events for the parties, this could be explained by the fact that they possess knowledge of the script of parties and they used this to reconstruct what happened; however this also led them to make more thematic source errors. It was also found that 45% of 5-6 year olds reported events that didn’t happen or mixed them up between the parties they attended. This is consistent with the previous study in that younger children made more mistakes; Nonetheless this cannot tell us how can a five year old wrongly accuse someone of something they have never heard of or even seen, they don’t posses schemas for these neither do they know whether it’s good or bad. Or how can they develop a false memory of an act of sexual abuse unless they had experienced it. Leander, Christianson and Granhag (2007) examined the eyewitness of 8 children between the ages of 3-10, who had been sexually abused by an unfamiliar perpetrator who was the same in all cases. They focused on the amount and type of information remembered and denial of the assault. The documentation of children’s testimony was found to be consistent with the confession of the perpetrator, picture evidence, medical examination and police evidence. They found that most children reported things that preceded the abuse and that only 21. 5% of what they reported was of the sexual act, the remaining was neutral information. They youngest child age 3 didn’t say much about both post and pre-abuse factors and only mentioned one fact of sexual nature. The rate of denial and reluctance to report the act was high especially amongst younger children. In this case it was easier to believe that the abuse occurred because there were multiple victims, and enough evidence to give credibility to the children’s testimony. We can imagine that a five year old would not come to an adult saying’ I have been sexually abused’, they probably never eared those terms neither do they know the meaning. This is to say that testimony of abused children may be disconnected often not including any sexual facts, but we shouldn’t be too quick to discard it. Hershkowits and Lanes (2007) found that younger children who don’t understand the concept of abuse are better able to disclose information as they are unlikely to have feelings of guilt and don’t understand the severity of abuse in society. Over the years there has been extensive work on interviewing techniques, Psychologists have developed interviewing techniques to effectively extrapolate information from children, therefore interviewing the child can reveal whether testimony is true or false. Children’s description of real events differs from that of false events. In Hershkowitz (1999) children describing events that really happened provided longer and richer responses to open-ended prompts rather than focused ones. Children who are providing implausible accounts tend to rely of the suggestions of the interviewer and elaborate on them. The study also showed that younger children were more likely to recall implausible false events compared to older ones, so maybe false memories are not only created on the basis of event plausibility; perhaps if a 5 year old was giving a false account of abuse they would exhibit such characteristics. Holcomb and Jacquin (2007) mock sexual abuse trial revealed that the defendant was more likely to be found guilty when a by stander witness was present, unlike when a victim-witness was present; however jurors were more likely to believe young children. Research also shows that children find it difficult to discuss having been sexually abused; many will go through phases of secrecy, helplessness and retraction (Summit, 1983). If a child manages to disclose it, we should assume that there should be a degree of truthfulness if not why go through with it. Sometimes their testimony is characterised by retractions, which throw investigations into chaos and have two meanings: repairing a false allegation or preventing the consequences when it’s true. In a recent court trial Steven Barker, the step father of Peter Connelly also known a ‘Baby P’ was accused of sexually abusing his 2 yr old sister. The girl disclosed this information to her step mother at the age of 4, the delay might suggest that some details of the could be omitted. The child was subject to very hard questioning and although the jury were divided due to her denial of the act on several accounts, it was proven that she was a victim. Coming to a conclusion isn’t as easy as it could seem and this gives just a brief insight to what jurors are often faced with in court trials that involve young victims of sexual abuse. The most important thing is that the ability to remember of a five yr old should never be taken for granted especially for something as severe as sexual abuse. The evidence shows that can remember stressful events, even with delay, but majority don’t report sexual details, are prone to suggestibility, and can develop false memories. None the less it’s very improbable that a child, who has never seen nor eared of sexual abuse and hasn’t been fed with the wrong information by parents or even through suggestive interview would confess of having been a victim of sexual abuse. It is better to acknowledge children’s testimony and weight up the evidence. REFERENCES Bidrose, S. Goodman, G. S. (2000). Testimony and evidence: A scientific case study of memory for child sexual abuse. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 14,  197-213. Castel, A. D. , Humphreys, K. L. , Lee, S. S. , Galvan, A. , Balota, D. A. , McCabe, D. P. (2011). The development of memory efficiency and value-directed remembering across the life span: A cross-sectional study of memory and selectivity. Developmental Psychology,  47(6), 1553-1564. Flin, R, Boon, J. , Knox, A. And Bull, r. (1992) The effect of a five month delay on children’s and adults, eyewitness memory. British Journal of Psychology, 83 Goodman, G. S. , Hirschman, J. E. , Hepps, D. H. , Rudy, L. (1991). Children’s memory for stressful l events. Merril Palmer Quarterly, 37, 109–158. Hershkowitz, I. , Lanes, O. , Lamb, M. E. (2007). Exploring the disclosure of child sexual abuse with alleged victims and their parents. Child Abuse Neglect,  31(2), 111-123. Hershkowitz, I. (1999). The dynamics of interviews involving plausible and implausible allegations of child sexual abuse. Applied Developmental Science,  3(2), 86-91. Holcomb, M. J. , Jacquin, K. M. (2007). Juror perceptions of child eyewitness testimony in a sexual abuse trial. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse,  16(2), 79-95. Loftus, E. F. (2004). Memories of things unseen. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13,145–147. Lloyd, M. E. , Doydum, A. O. , Newcombe, N. S. (2009). Memory binding in early childhood: Evidence for a retrieval deficit. Child Development,  80(5), 1321-1328. Leander, L. , Christianson, S. , Granhag, P. (2007). A sexual abuse case study children’s memories and reports. Psychiatry, Psychology And Law,  14(1), 120-129. Meadows, S. (1986). Understanding Child Development. London: Century Hutchinson Ltd. McShane, J. (1991). Cognitive development: . An information processing approach. Cambridge, MA, US: Basil Bruckwell. Otgaar, H. , Candel, I. , Merckelbach, H. , ; Wade, K. A. (2009). Abducted by a UFO: Prevalence information affects young children’s false memories for an implausible event. Applied Cognitive Psychology,  23(1), 115-125. Odegard, T. N. , Cooper, C. M. , Lampinen, J. M. , Reyna, V. F. , Brainerd, C. J. (2009). Children’s eyewitness memory for multiple real-life events. Child Development,  80(6), 1877-1890. R. C. Summitt,† The child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome†, Child abuse and Neglect, Vol 7, 2, P. 177-193. Schreiber, N. , Bellah, L. D. , Martinez, Y. , McLaurin, K. A. , Strok, R. , Garven, S. , et al. (2006). Suggestive interviewing in the McMartin Preschool and Kelly Michaels daycare abuse cases: case study. Social Influence, 1, 16–47. Tully, B. (2002). The evaluation of retractions in sexual abuse cases. Child Abuse Review,  11(2), 94-102. doi:10. 1002/car. 728 How to cite Do Children Have False Memories, Essay examples

Practical Magic free essay sample

An analysis of two characters in the novel by Alice Hoffman, which describes the curse of two witch sisters who will lose their powers if they fall in love. This paper discusses two opposing characters in the story. The conflict between two characters may be the result of a difference in their behavior, feelings and principles. Each character is evaluated according to their character in the novel, and to the force that they are clearly attributed. The novel Practical Magic is a tale of two witch sisters who were cursed to suffer from losing any non-witch individual they will fall in love with. The novel starts with a description of the townspeoples behavior towards the Owens women, who are all witches. The sufferings that the Owens had experienced for four generations (including Sally and Gillian) began when it was discovered that Maria Owens, Sally and Gillians ancestor, is a witch whom the townspeople accused of bringing bad luck to their town, causing the devastation of a rice field, which they further suspected was Marias own doing. We will write a custom essay sample on Practical Magic or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She was persecuted and was burned in a stake, but she was able to escape from danger and she fled, isolating herself from the people in her town. After that incident, Maria bore a child, and the endless suffering from public isolation of the Owens clan continued until Sally and Gillians birth. However, before Maria died, she had cursed all non-witch people by saying that whoever fell in love with one of the Owens women will meet an untimely death. And from this curse the story evolves featuring the sisters experiences about being a witch and their quest for true love.